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Post Author:xp_cMg@gmx.com
Post published:2021/06/13

By Frank van Diggelen, Global Locate, Inc. This update to a frequently requested article first published here in 1998 explains how statistical methods can create many different position accuracy measures. As the driving forces of positioning and navigation change from survey and precision guidance to location-based services, E911, and so on, some accuracy measures have fallen out of common usage, while others have blossomed. The analysis changes further when the constellation expands to combinations of GPS, SBAS, Galileo, and GLONASS. Downloadable software helps bridge the gap between theory and reality. “There are three kinds of lies: lies, damn lies, and statistics.” So reportedly said Benjamin Disraeli, prime minister of Britain from 1874 to 1880. Almost as long ago, we published the first article on GPS accuracy measures (GPS World, January 1998). The crux of that article was a reference table showing how to estimate one accuracy measure from another. The original article showed how to derive a table like TABLE 1. The metrics (or measures) used were those common in military, differential GPS (DGPS) and real-time kinematic (RTK) applications, which dominated GPS in the 1990s. These metrics included root mean square (rms) vertical, 2drms, rms 3D and spherical error probable (SEP). The article showed examples from DGPS data. Table 1. Accuracy measures for circular, Gaussian, error distributions. Figure 1. Using Table 1. Since then the GPS universe has changed significantly and, while the statistics remain the same, several other factors have also changed. Back in the last century the dominant applications of GPS were for the military and surveyors. Today, even though GPS numbers are up in both those sectors, they are dwarfed by the abundance of cell-phones with GPS; and the wireless industry has its own favorite accuracy metrics. Also, Selective Availability was active back in 1998, now it is gone. And finally we have the prospect of a 60+ satellite constellation, as we fully expect in the next nine years that 30 Galileo satellites will join the GPS and satellite-based augmentation systems (SBAS) satellites already in orbit. Therefore, we take an updated look at GNSS accuracy. The key issue addressed is that some accuracy measures are averages (for example, rms) while others are counts of distribution (67 percent, 95 percent). How these relate to each other is less obvious than one might think, since GNSS positions exist in three dimensions, not one. Some relationships that you may have learned in college (for example, 68 percent of a Gaussian distribution lies within ± one sigma) are true only for one dimensional distributions. The updated table differs from the one published in 1998 not in the underlying statistics, but in terms of which metrics are examined. Circular error probable (CEP) and rms horizontal remain, but rms vertical, 2drms, and SEP are out, while (67 percent, 95 percent) and (68 percent, 98 percent) horizontal distributions, favored by the cellular industry, are in — your cell phone wants to locate you on a flat map, not in 3D. Similarly, personal navigation devices (PNDs) that give driving directions generally show horizontal position only. This is not to say that rms vertical, 2drms, or SEP are bad metrics, but they have already been addressed in the 1998 article, and the point of this sequel is specifically to deal with the dominant GNSS applications of today. Also new for this article, we provide software that you can download and run on your own PC to see for yourself how the distributions look, and how many points really do fall inside the various theoretical error circles when you run an experiment. Table 1 is the central feature of this article. You use the table by looking up the relationship between one accuracy measure in the top row, and another in the right-most column. For example (see FIGURE 1), let’s take the simplest entry in the table: rms2 = 1.41× rms1 TABLE 2 defines the accuracy measures used in this article. A common situation in the cellular and PND markets today is that engineers and product managers have to select among different GPS chips from different manufacturers. (The GPS manufacturer is usually different from the cell-phone or PND manufacturer.) There are often different metrics in the product specifications from the different manufacturers. For example: suppose manufacturer A gives an accuracy specification as CEP, and manufacturer B gives an accuracy specification as 67 percent. How do you compare them? The answer is to use Table 1 to convert to a common metric. Accuracy specifications should always state the associated metric (like CEP, 67 percent); but if you see an accuracy specified without a metric, such as “Accuracy 5 meters,” then it is usually CEP. The table makes two assumptions about the GPS errors: they are Gaussian, and they have a circular distribution. Let’s discuss both these assumptions. Figure 2 The three-dice experiment done 100,000 times (left) and 100 times (right), and the true Gaussian distribution. Gaussian Distribution In plain English: if you have a large set of numbers, and you sort them into bins, and plot the bin sizes in a histogram, then the numbers have a Gaussian distribution if the histogram matches the smooth curve shown in FIGURE 2. We care about whether a distribution is Gaussian or not, because, if it is Gaussian or close to Gaussian, then we can draw conclusions about the expected ranges of numbers. In other words, we can create Table 1. So our next step is to see whether GPS error distribution is close to Gaussian, and why. The central limit theorem says that the sum of several random variables will have a distribution that is approximately Gaussian, regardless of the distribution of the original variables. For example, consider this experiment: roll three dice and add up the results. Repeat this experiment many times. Your results will have a distribution close to Gaussian, even though the distribution of an individual die is decidedly non-Gaussian (it is uniform over the range 1 through 6). In fact, uniform distributions sum up to Gaussian very quickly. GPS error distributions are not as well-behaved as the three dice, but the Gaussian model is still approximately correct, and very useful. There are several random variables that make up the error in a GPS position, including errors from multipath, ionosphere, troposphere, thermal noise and others. Many of these are non-Gaussian, but they all contribute to form a single random variable in each position axis. By the central limit theorem you might expect that the GPS position error has approximately a Gaussian distribution, and indeed this is the case. We demonstrate this with real data from a GPS receiver operating with actual (not simulated) signals. But first we return to the dice experiment to illustrate why it is important to have a large enough data set. The two charts in Figure 2 show the histograms of the three-dice experiment. On the left we repeated the experiment 100,000 times. On the right we used just the first 100 repetitions. Note that the underlying statistics do not change if we don’t run enough experiments, but our perception of them will change. The dice (and statistics) shown on the left are identical to those on the right, we simply didn’t collect enough data on the right to see the underlying truth. FIGURE 3 shows a GPS error distribution. This data is for a receiver operating in autonomous mode, computing fixes once per second, using all satellites above the horizon. The receiver collected data for three hours, yielding approximately ten thousand data points. Figure 3. Experimental and theoretical GPS error distribution for a receiver operating in autonomous mode. You can see that the distribution matches a true Gaussian distribution in each bin if we make the bins one meter wide (that is, the bins are 10 percent the width of the 4-sigma range of the distribution). Note that in the 1998 article, we did the same test for differential GPS (DGPS) with similar results, that is: the distribution matched a true Gaussian distribution with bins of about 10 percent of the 4-sigma range of errors — except for DGPS the 4-sigma range was approximately one meter, and the bins were 10 centimeters. Also, reflecting how much the GPS universe has changed in a decade, the receiver used in 1998 was a DGPS module that sold for more than $2000; the GPS used today is a host-based receiver that sells for well under $7, and is available in a single chip about the size of the letters “GP” on this page. Before moving on, let’s turn briefly to the GPS Receiver Survey in this copy of the magazine, where many examples of different accuracy figures can be found. All manufacturers are asked to quote their receiver accuracy. Some give the associated metrics, and some do not. Consider this extract from last year’s Receiver Survey, and answer this question: which of the following two accuracy specs is better: 5.1m horiz 95 percent, or 4m CEP? In Table 1 we see that CEP=0.48 × 95 percent. So 5.1 meters 95 percent is the same as 0.48× 5.1m = 2.4 meters CEP, which is better than 4 meters CEP. When Selective Availability (SA) was on, the dominant errors for autonomous GPS were artificial, and not necessarily Gaussian, because they followed whatever distribution was programmed into the SA errors. DGPS removed SA errors, leaving only errors generally close to Gaussian, as discussed. Now that SA is gone, both autonomous and DGPS show error distributions that are approximately Gaussian; this makes Table 1 more useful than before. It is important to note that GPS errors are generally not-white, that is, they are correlated in time. This is an oft-noted fact: watch the GPS position of a stationary receiver and you will notice that errors tend to wander in one direction, stay there for a while, then wander somewhere else. Not-white does not imply not-Gaussian. In the GPS histogram, the distribution of the GPS positions is approximately Gaussian; you just won’t notice it if you look at a small sample of data. Furthermore, most GPS receivers use a Kalman filter for the position computation. This leads to smoother, better, positions, but it also increases the correlation of the errors with each other. To demonstrate that non-white errors can nonetheless be Gaussian, try the following exercise in Matlab. Generate a random sequence of numbers as follows: x=zeros(1,1e5); for i=2:length(x), x(i)= 0.95*x(i-1)+0.05*randn; end The sequence x is clearly a correlated sequence, since each term depends 95 percent on the previous term. However, the distribution of x is Gaussian, since the sum of Gaussian random variables is also Gaussian, by the reproductive property of the Gaussian distribution. You can demonstrate this by plotting the histogram of x, which exactly matches a Gaussian distribution. In some data sets you may have persistent biases in the position. Then, to use Table 1 effectively, you should compute errors from the mean position before analyzing the relationship of the different accuracy measures. Distributions and HDOP Table 1 assumes a circular distribution. The shape of the error distribution is a function of how many satellites are used, and where they are in the sky. When there are many satellites in view, the error distribution gets closer to circular. When there are fewer satellites in view the error distribution gets more elliptical; for example, this is common when you are indoors, near a window, and tracking only three satellites. For the GPS data shown in the histogram, the spatial distribution looks like FIGURE 4: You can see that the distribution is somewhat elliptical. The rms North error is 2.1 meters, the rms East error is 1.2 meters. The next section discusses how to deal with elliptical distributions, and then we will show how well our experimental data matches our table. Figure 4. Lat-lon scatter plot of positions from a GPS receiver in autonomous mode. If the distribution really were circular then rms1 would the same in all directions, and so rms East would be the same as rms North. However, what do you do when you have some ellipticity, such as in this data? The answer is to work with rms2 as the entry point to the table. The one-dimensional rms is very useful for creating the table, but less useful in practice, because of the ellipticity. Next we look at how well Table 1 predictions actually fit the data, when we use rms2. TABLE 3 shows the theoretical ratios and experimental results of the various percentile distributions to horizontal rms. On the top row we show the ratios from Table 1, on the bottom row the measured ratios from the actual GPS data. Table 3. Theoretical ratios and experimental results using actual GPS data. For our data: horizontal rms = rms2 = 2.46m, and the various measured percentile distributions are: CEP, 67 percent, 95 percent, 68 percent and 98 percent = 2.11, 2.62, 4.15, 2.65, and 4.74m respectively. So, in this particular case, the table predicted the results to within 3 percent. With larger ellipticity you can expect the table to give worse results. If you have a scatter plot of your data, you can see the ellipticity (as we did above). If you do not have a scatter plot, then you can get a good indication of what is going on from the horizontal dilution of precision (HDOP). HDOP is defined as the ratio of horizontal rms (or rms2) to the rms of the range-measurement errors. If HDOP doubles, your position accuracy will get twice as bad, and so on. Also, high ellipticity always has a correspondingly large HDOP (meaning HDOP much greater than 1). Galileo and Friends Luckily for us, the future promises more satellites than the past. If you have the right hardware to receive them, you also have 12 currently operational GLONASS satellites on different frequencies from GPS. Within the next few years we are promised 30 Galileo satellites, from the EU, and 3 QZSS satellites from Japan. All of these will transmit on the same L1 frequency as GPS. There are 30 GPS satellites currently in orbit, and 4 fully operational SBAS satellites. Thus in a few years we can expect at least 60 satellites in the GNSS system available to most people. This will make the error distributions more circular, a good thing for our analysis. Working with Actual Data When it comes to data sets, we’ve seen that size certainly matters — with the simple case of dice as well as the more complicated case of GPS. An important thing to notice is that when you look at the more extreme percentiles like 95 percent and 98 percent, the controlling factor is the last few percent of the data, and this may be very little data indeed. Consider an example of 100 GPS fixes. If you look at the 98 percent distribution of the raw data, the number you come up with depends only on the worst three data points, so it really may not be representative of the underlying receiver behavior. You have the choice of collecting more data, but you could also use the table to see what the predicted 98 percentile would be, using something more reliable, like CEP or rms2 as the entry point to the table. Conclusion The “take-home” part of this article is Table 1, which you can use to convert one accuracy measure to another. The table is defined entirely in terms of horizontal accuracy measures, to match the demands of the dominant GPS markets today. The Table assumes that the error distributions are circular, but we find that this assumption does not degrade results by more than a few percent when actual errors distributions are slightly elliptical. When error distributions become highly elliptical HDOP will get large, and the table will get less accurate. When you look at the statistics of a data set, it is important to have a large enough sample size. If you do, then you should expect the values from Table 1 to provide a good predictor of your measured numbers. Manufacturers GPS receiver used for data collection: Global Locate (www.globallocate.com) Hammerhead single-chip host-based GPS. FRANK VAN DIGGELEN is executive vice president of technology and chief navigation officer at Global Locate, Inc. He is co-inventor of GPS extended ephemeris, providing long-term orbits over the internet. For this and other GPS inventions he holds more than 30 US patents. He has a Ph.D. E.E. from Cambridge University.

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Dell pa-9 ac adapter 20vdc 4.5a 90w charger power supply pa9,ac adapter 4.5v 9.5v cell phone power supply,tenergy oh-1048a4001500u-t ac adapter 30vdc 1/1.5a used univers,artesyn ssl40-3360 ac adapter +48vdc 0.625a used 3pin din power,2 ghzparalyses all types of remote-controlled bombshigh rf transmission power 400 w,dewalt d9014-04 battery charger 1.5a dc used power supply 120v,jentec jta0402d-a ac adapter 5vdc 1.2a wallmount direct plug in,hewlett packard series ppp009h 18.5v dc 3.5a 65w -(+)- 1.8x4.7mm.programmable load shedding,8 watts on each frequency bandpower supply,konica minolta ac-a10n ac adapter 9vdc 0.7a 2x5.5mm +(-) used,maxell nc-mqn01nu ni-mh & ni-cd wallmount battery charger 1.2v d,phihong psa31u-050 ac adapter 5vdc 4a used -(+)- 5 pin din ite p,jabra acw003b-06u1 ac adapter used 6vdc 0.3a 1.1x3.5mm round,sac1105016l1-x1 ac adapter 5vdc 500ma used usb connecter,government and military convoys.deer ad1812g ac adapter 10 13.5vdc 1.8a -(+)- 2x5.5mm 90° power.viasat ad8530n3l ac adapter 30vdc 2.7a -(+) 2.5x5.5mm charger fo,touch m2-10us05-a ac adapter +5vdc 2a used -(+) 1x3.5x7mm round.hi-power a 1 ac adapter 27vdc 4pins 110vac charger power supply.the rf cellulartransmitter module with 0,dell apac-1 ac adapter 12v 2a power supply.dv-751a5 ac dc adapter 7.5vdc 1.5a used -(+) 2x5.5x9mm round bar,samsung apn-1105abww ac adapter 5vdc 2.2a used -(+) 1x4x8mm roun,air rage wlb-33811-33211-50527 battery quick charger.replacement pa-1750-09 ac adapter 19vdc 3.95a used -(+) 2.5x5.5x.long-gun registry on the chopping block.but communication is prevented in a carefully targeted way on the desired bands or frequencies using an intelligent control,hp 0950-4488 ac adapter 31v dc 2420ma used 2x5mm -(+)- ite power,recoton ad300 adapter universal power supply multi voltage,aps aps40-es-30 ac adapter +5v 6a +12v 1a -12v 0.5a used 5pin,hjc hasu11fb ac adapter 12vdc 4a -(+) 2.5x5.5mm used 100-240vac.sony adp-708sr ac adapter 5vdc 1500ma used ite power supply.with the antenna placed on top of the car.merkury f550 1 hour sony f550 rapid lithium ion battery charger.here a single phase pwm inverter is proposed using 8051 microcontrollers.craftsman 982245-001 dual fast charger 16.8v cordless drill batt.hp compaq ppp009h ac adapter 18.5vdc 3.5a -(+) 1.7x4.8 100-240va,dell adp-70eb ac adapter 20vdc 3.5a 3pin pa-6 family 9364u for d,canon k30327 ac adapter 32vdc 24vdc triple voltage power supply.konica minolta a-10 ac-a10 ac adapter 9vdc 700ma -(+) 2x5.5mm 23,band selection and low battery warning led,dpx351314 ac adapter 6vdc 300ma used -(+)- 2.4 x 5.3 x 10 mm str.bothhand m1-8s05 ac adapter +5v 1.6a used 1.9 x 5.5 x 9.4mm.biosystems 54-05-a0204 ac adapter 9vdc 1a used -(+) 2.5x5.5mm 12.its built-in directional antenna provides optimal installation at local conditions,li shin lse9901c1260 12v dc 5a 60w -(+)- 2.2x5.5mm used ite,all these project ideas would give good knowledge on how to do the projects in the final year,we have designed a system having no match,dell fa65ns0-00 ac adapter 19.5vdc 3.34 used 5.2 x 7.3 x 13 mm s,st-c-075-18500380ct ac adapter 18.5vdc 2.7a 3.5a 3.8a used 1.6x4,these devices were originally created to combat threats like cell phone-triggered explosives and hostage situations,10 and set the subnet mask 255.motorola psm5091a ac adapter 6.25vdc 350ma power supply.hipro hp-ol093b13p ac adapter 19vdc 4.7a -(+)- 1.6x5.5mm 100-240.plantronics 7501sd-5018a-ul ac adapter 5vdc 180ma used 1x3x3.2mm,if you are looking for mini project ideas.lei nu40-2120333-i3 ac adapter 12vdc 3.33v used -(+) 2.5x5.5mm 9,linearity lad6019ab5 ac adapter 12vdc 5a used 2.5 x 5.4 x 10.2 m,backpack bantam aua-05-1600 ac adapter 5v 1600ma used 1.5 x 4 x,jvc aa-v11u camcorder battery charger,dell adp-90ah b ac adapter c8023 19.5v 4.62a power supply,ad-187 b ac adapter 9vdc 1a 14w for ink jet printer,yardworks 24990 ac adapter 24vdc 1.8a battery charger used power,olympus bu-100 battery charger used 1.2v 490ma camedia 100-240v.motorola psm4250a ac adapter 4.4vdc 1.5a used cellphone charger.skynet hyp-a037 ac adapter 5vdc 2400ma used -(+) 2x5.5mm straigh,hp 0950-2852 class 2 battery charger nicd nimh usa canada,90w-lt02 ac adapter 19vdc 4.74a replacement power supply laptop,the civilian applications were apparent with growing public resentment over usage of mobile phones in public areas on the rise and reckless invasion of privacy,we hope this list of electrical mini project ideas is more helpful for many engineering students,lenovo adlx65nct3a ac adapter 20vdc 3.25a 65w used charger recta,samsung aa-e7a ac dc adapter 8.4v 1.5a power supply ad44-00076a,acbel api2ad13 ac adapter 12vdc 3.33a used 2.5x5.5mm 90 degree.delta adp-10jb ac dc adapter 3.3v 2a 7v 0.3a 15555550 4pin power.delta eadp-18cb a ac adapter 48vdc 0.375a used -(+) 2.5x5.5mm ci.compaq 2824 series auto adapter 18.5v 2.2a 30w power supply.shun shing dc12500f ac adapter 12vdc 500ma used -(+) 2x5.5x8mm r,fournis par fabricant chinois - al …,6 different bands (with 2 additinal bands in option)modular protection,a frequency counter is proposed which uses two counters and two timers and a timer ic to produce clock signals,sc02 is an upgraded version of sc01.ic-dsi171002 ac adapter 4.6vdc 900ma used usb connector switchin,ge nu-90-5120700-i2 ac adapter 12v dc 7a used -(+) 2x5.5mm 100-2,compaq pa-1530-02cv ac adapter 18.5vdc 2.7a used 1.7x5mm round b,viasat 1077422 ac adapter +55vdc 1.47a used -(+) 2.1x5.5x10mm ro.this is circuit diagram of a mobile phone jammer.microsoft 1040 used receiver 1.0a for media center pc with windo.sunbeam bc-1009-ul battery charger 1.4vdc 150ma used ni-mh aa/aa,safe & warm 120-16vd7p c-d7 used power supply controller 16vdc 3.

Ktec wem-5800 ac adapter 6vdc 400ma used -(+) 1x3.5x9mm round ba,dell adp-lk ac adapter 14vdc 1.5a used -(+) 3x6.2mm 90° right,compaq ppp002d ac adapter 18.5v dc 3.8a used 1.8x4.8x9.6mm strai,emachines liteon pa-1900-05 ac adapter 18.5vdc 4.9a power supply.liteon pa-1750-11 ac adapter -(+)- 19vdc 4a used 2.7x5.4mm,aps ad-740u-1120 ac adapter 12vdc 3a used -(+)- 2.5x5.5mm barrel.cpc can be connected to the telephone lines and appliances can be controlled easily,recoton ad300 ac adapter universal power supply.to cover all radio frequencies for remote-controlled car locksoutput antenna,lenovo adlx65ndt2a ac adapter 20vdc 3.25a used -(+) 5.5x8x11mm r,5vdc 500ma ac adapter used car charger cigarate lighter 12vdc-24.nokia acp-12u ac adapter 5.7vdc 800ma used 1x3.5mm cellphone 35,we – in close cooperation with our customers – work out a complete and fully automatic system for their specific demands.hh-stc001a 5vdc 1.1a used travel charger power supply 90-250vac.nokia ac-10u ac adapter 5vdc 1200ma used micro usb cell phone ch,yuan wj-y351200100d ac adapter 12vdc 100ma -(+) 2x5.5mm 120vac s.dve dvr-0920ac-3508 ac adapter 9vac 200ma used 1.1x3.8x5.9mm rou,shindengen za12002gn ac adapter 12v 2a ite power supply,ktec ksaa0500080w1eu ac adapter 5vdc 0.8a used -(+)- 1.5 x 3.5 x,it’s also been a useful method for blocking signals to prevent terrorist attacks,ibm 92p1113 ac adapter 20v dc 4.5a 90w used 1x5.2x7.8x11.2mm,nec pc-20-70 ultralite 286v ac dc adaoter 17v 11v power supply,ktec ksaa0500120w1us ac adapter 5vdc 1.2a new -(+)- 1.5x4mm swit.remote control frequency 433mhz 315mhz 868mhz,automatic changeover switch,therefore the pki 6140 is an indispensable tool to protect government buildings,sb2d-025-1ha 12v 2a ac adapter 100 - 240vac ~ 0.7a 47-63hz new s,4.5v-9.5vdc 100ma ac adapter used cell phone connector power sup.phihong psaa18u-120 ac adapter 12vdc 1500ma used +(-) 2x5.5x12mm,if you are looking for mini project ideas,this paper uses 8 stages cockcroft –walton multiplier for generating high voltage.nokia ac-4e ac adapter 5v dc 890ma cell phone charger,you may write your comments and new project ideas also by visiting our contact us page,lenovo 92p1213 ac adapter 20vdc 3.25a 65w used 1x5.5x7.7mm roun,samsung atadm10ube ac adapter 5vdc 0.7a cellphone travel charger,arac-12n ac adapter 12vdc 200ma used -(+) plug in class 2 power.zte stc-a22o50u5-c ac adapter 5vdc 700ma used usb port plug-in d,ceiva2 jod-smu02130 ac adapter 5vdc 1.6a power supply.adp-90ah b ac adapter c8023 19.5v 4.62a replacement power supply.4312a ac adapter 3.1vdc 300ma used -(+) 0.5x0.7x4.6mm round barr.law-courts and banks or government and military areas where usually a high level of cellular base station signals is emitted,technics tesa2-1202100d ac adapter 12vdc 2.1a -(+)- switching po.many businesses such as theaters and restaurants are trying to change the laws in order to give their patrons better experience instead of being consistently interrupted by cell phone ring tones.ac adapter 12vdc output 3pin power supply used working for lapto.nikon eh-52 ac adapter 8.4vdc -(+) 10.9w for coolpix digital cam.li shin lse9901a2070 ac adapter 20v dc 3.25a 65w max used.ault t41-120750-a000g ac adapter 12vac 750ma used ~(~)2.5x5.5.condor hk-b520-a05 ac adapter 5vdc 4a used -(+)- 1.2x3.5mm.i have designed two mobile jammer circuits.hp hstn-f02x 5v dc 2a battery charger ipaq rz1700 rx,cbm 31ad ac adapter 24vdc 1.9a used 3 pin din connector,its great to be able to cell anyone at anytime.motorola psm4940c ac adapter 5.9vdc 400ma used -(+) 2 pin usb.dve ds-0131f-05 us 13 ac adapter +5v 2.5a used -(+) 1.2x3.5x9.7m,hp compaq ppp014h-s ac adapter 19vdc 4.74a used barrel with pin.680986-53 ac adapter 6.5v 250ma used cradle connector plug-in,the integrated working status indicator gives full information about each band module,hp f1279a ac adapter 12vdc 2.5a used -(+) 2x4.8mm straight.x10 wireless xm13a ac adapter 12vdc 80ma used remote controlled.liteon pa-1480-19t ac adapter (1.7x5.5) -(+)- 19vdc 2.6a used 1.,nikon mh-23 ac adapter 8.4vdc 0.9a 100-240vac battery charger po,asus exa0901xh ac adapter 19v 2.1a power supply laptop,axis a41312 ac adapter 12vdc 1100ma used -(+) 2.5x5.5x13mm 90° r,sony ac-l15b ac dc adapter 8.4v 1.5a power supply for camcorder.prison camps or any other governmental areas like ministries,sony pcga-ac16v3 ac adapter 16v dc 4a power supply vaio z1 gr270,rocketfish nsa6eu-050100 ac adapter 5vdc 1a used.video digitial camera travel battery charger.audiovox plc-9100 ac adapter 5vdc 0.85a power line cable.the rft comprises an in build voltage controlled oscillator.casio ad-c51j ac adapter 5.3vdc 650ma power supply,condor wp05120i ac adapter 12v dc 500ma power supply,positec machinery sh-dc0240400 ac adapter 24vdc 400ma used -(,weatherproof metal case via a version in a trailer or the luggage compartment of a car.nokia ac-3n ac adapter cell phone charger 5.0v 350ma asian versi,.

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gps jammer with battery case opening

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