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By Gyles Panther Small ceramic patch elements offer nearly perfect single-frequency receive characteristics and have become the standard for GPS L1 antennas. However, the new generation of GNSS receivers now being introduced track many satellites in multiple constellations. Are these narrow-band devices up to the task for wider bandwidths? L1 Compass and GLONASS navigation signals are broadcast on frequencies close to GPS L1, but the offset exceeds the circular-response bandwidth of small patch antennas. This article discusses the nature of the defects to be expected with the use of small patches over the broader bandwidths required, and contrasts this with the higher performance of dual-feed patch antennas. It is very difficult to evaluate the relative merits of GNSS antennas without very specialized equipment and resources. An accurate method for comparative evaluation of competing antennas is described that makes use of the C/N0 values reported by GNSS receivers. A particular challenge facing GNSS is the threat posed by encroaching interfering signals; the LightSquared terrestrial segment signals often being quoted. Relatively simple measures are described to make GNSS antennas immune and the small resulting hit to antenna performance is quantified. Circularly-Polarized Carrier Signals The civilian signals transmitted from GNSS satellites are right hand circularly polarized (RHCP). This allows for arbitrary orientation of a receiving patch antenna (orthogonal to the direction of propagation) and, with a good co-polarized antenna, has the added benefit of cross polarization rejection. For conceptualization, circularly polarized (CP) signals can be thought of as comprised of two orthogonal, linearly polarized signals offset in phase by 90 degrees, as shown in fig 1 below. With one feed defined as I (in-phase), and the other Q (quadrature), the response of the antenna will either be LHCP or RHCP depending upon the polarity of the Q signal phase relative to that of the I signal. If a CP signal is reflected from a metallic surface (such as metalized glass), the reflected signal becomes cross-polarized, so that a reflected RHCP signal becomes LHCP, and vice-versa. Unlike the linearly polarized (LP) case, a good CP receiving antenna will reject cross-polarized signals resulting from a single reflection. In this respect, reception of CP signals by a CP antenna is considerably improved relatively to linearly polarized signals. FIGURE 1. Graphic representation of circular polarization (from Innovation column, July 1998 GPS World). Frequency Plans At this time, four global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) are either in service or expected to achieve full operational capability within the next 2–3 years: GPS, of course, GLONASS, also now fully deployed, Galileo, and Compass, expected to be deployed over the next two years. Thus the systems and signals to be considered are: GPS-L1 at 1575.42 MHz; GLONASS L1, specified at 1602MHz (+6, –7) × Fs, where Fs is 0.5625 MHz; Compass at 1561 MHz; Galileo L1 as a transparent overlay on the GPS system at 1575.42 MHz. It has emerged that considerable accuracy and availability benefits derive from tracking a larger number of satellites from multiple constellations. Notably, STMicroelectronics has produced an excellent animation of the GPS and GLONASS constellations that shows the theoretical improvement in accuracy and fix availability that derive from simultaneously tracking GPS and GLONASS satellites in Milan, For a really interesting comparison check out www.youtube.com/watch?v=0FlXRzwaOvM. Most GNSS chip manufacturers now have multi-constellational GNSS receiver chips or multi-chip modules at various stages of development. It is awe-inspiring that the navigational and tracking devices in our cars and trucks will in the very near future concurrently track many satellites from several GNSS constellations. Garmin etrex 10/20/30 handhelds now have GLONASS as well as GPS capability. Small single-feed patch antennas have good CP characteristics over a bandwidth up to about 16 MHz. This format is cheap to build and provides almost ideal GPS L1 characteristics. Multi-constellation receivers such as GPS/GLONASS require antennas with an operational bandwidth of up to 32 MHz, and up to 49 MHz to also cover Compass. Patch Antenna Overview The familiar patch element is a small square ceramic substrate, fully metalized on one side, acting as a ground plane, and on the other, a metalized square patch. This structure constitutes two orthogonal high-Q resonant cavities, one along each major axis. An incident circular electromagnetic wave induces a ground current and an induced voltage (emf) between the patch edge and ground plane so that at  resonance, the cavity is coupled to free space by these fringing fields. A typical low-cost GPS L1 patch is a 25 × 25 × 4 mm block of ceramic (or smaller) with a single-feed pin. Patches as small as 12 mm square can be fabricated on high-dielectric constant substrates, but at the cost of lower gain and bandwidth. The two axes are coupled either by chamfered patch corners or by offset tuning plus diagonal feed pin positions (Figure 2). FIGURE 2. Patch RHCP configurations: left, corner chamfer; right, diagonal feed. An alternate form of patch antenna has independent feeds for each axis. The feeds are combined in a network that fully isolates the two feeds. Dual-feed antennas can provide nearly ideal characteristics but are inherently more expensive to build. See Figure 3. FIGURE 3. Dual-feed patch (left) and feed combiner (right). Basic Performance Parameters The factors that have a direct bearing on patch performance are: Gain and radiation pattern; Available signal-to-noise as a function of receiver gain and low-noise amplifier (LNA) noise figure; Bandwidth, measured as: radiated power gain bandwidth; impedance bandwidth; or axial ratio bandwidth. Gain and Radiation Pattern. Patch antennas are specified and usually used with an external ground plane, typically 70 or 100 millimeters (mm) square. Without an external ground plane a reasonable approximation of the radiation pattern is a circle tangential to the patch ground plane with a peak gain of about 3 dBic (dBic includes all power in a circular wave). The addition of an external ground plane increases the peak gain at zenith by up to 2 dB. The pattern shown in Figure 4 is typical for a 25 mm patch on a 100 mm ground plane. The gain peaks just under 5 dBic, dropping to about 0 dB at an elevation angle of ±60 degrees (the horizon is 90 degrees). FIGURE 4. Radiation pattern for 25 mm patch on 100 mm ground plane. Table 1 tabulates approximate gain values at zenith for a range of GPS L1 patch sizes, mounted on a 100-mm ground plane, at resonance, radiated with a RHCP signals (that is, dBic). TABLE 1. Patch size versus gain at zenith. Clearly, gain is significantly lower for patches smaller than 25 mm square. Not illustrated here is that the bandwidths of antennas smaller than 25 mm also become too narrow for consideration for anything other than single-frequency signals such as GPS L1. Achievable C/N0. The carrier signal-to-noise density ratio (C/N0) is a fundamental measure of signal quality and hence antenna performance. For a given receiver, if the C/N0 is degraded due to any cause, be it a poorly tuned patch or bad LNA noise figure or other, the shortfall in performance is non-recoverable. The effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) of the transmitted GPS L1 signal from the space vehicles is approximately 27 dBW. If D is the range to the satellite, and λ is the carrier wavelength, the free space path loss, PL, is given by PL = [ λ / (4 × π × D)]2 The signal power received at the antenna terminals, Pr, is given by: Pr = EIRP × Gr × PL where Gr is the receive antenna gain. The noise power in a 1 Hz bandwidth, N0, referred back to the antenna terminals is given by: N0 = 10log(Te × k), where Te is the overall system noise temperature, and k is the Boltzmann constant. Thus C/N0, the ratio of received carrier power to noise in a 1 Hz bandwidth, referred to the antenna is C/N0 = Pr / N0 Quantifying this calculation: For λ = 0.19 meters (corresponding to the L1 frequency), and an orbit height of 21,000 kilometers, the path loss, PL = –182.8 dBW. The received signal power, Pr = EIRP(dBW) + Gr(dB)+ PL(dB) (in dBW) Assuming the mid-elevation antenna gain, Gr, is 3 dBic, Pr = –152.8 dBW. For a cascaded system such as a GPS receiver, the overall noise temperature is given by: Te = Ts + Tlna + Tgps/Glna where Te is the overall receiver system noise temperature, Ts is an estimate of sky-noise temperature at 1575.42 MHz, assumed to be 80 K, Tlna is the LNA noise temperature (76 K for an LNA noise figure of 1 dB), Glna is the LNA gain (631 for 28 dB gain), and Tgps is the noise temperature of the GPS receiver (636 K for 5 dB receiver noise figure). Thus, Te = 157.1 K and N0 = –206.6 dBW. The available ratio of received carrier power to 1 Hz noise, C/N0, referenced to the antenna is: C/N0 = Pr/(Te × k) – (implementation loss) where implementation loss is an estimate of the decode implementation loss in the GPS receiver, assumed to be 2 dB (something of a fiddle factor, but reasonable!) Thus, C/N0 = –152.8 – (–206.6) – 2 dB = 51.8 dB. For satellites that subtend a high elevation angle, the reported C/N0 could be 2 dB higher or 53.8 dB best case. A good circular antenna should provide C/N0 values in the range 51 dB–53 dB. This can be checked using the (NMEA) $GPGSV message output from most GNSS receivers. Comparative measurement of C/N0 provides the basis for comparative antenna evaluation as described later. Single-Feed Bandwidth. Bandwidth of single-feed patches can be defined in several quite different ways. Radiated power gain bandwidth: the bandwidth over which the amplitude at the terminals of the receiving antenna is not more than X dB below the peak amplitude, with an incident CP field. Axial ratio bandwidth: the bandwidth over which the ratio of the maximum to minimum output signal powers for any two orthogonal axes is less than Y dB. This is an indicator of how well the antenna will reject cross-polarized signals. Return loss (RL) or impedance bandwidth: that over which the feed input return loss is less than Z dB. This is very easy to measure, and gives the most optimistic bandwidth value. The input impedance of a single-feed patch is shown in Figure 5. The rotated W-shape of the single-feed patch impedance is a result of the coupling between the two axes of the patch. The 10 dB return loss, called S11, is shown as a circle, outside of which |S11| > –10 dB. These measures of bandwidth are shown for 25 × 25 × 4 mm and two thicknesses of 36 mm2 antennas in Table 2. FIGURE 5. S11 for a 25 mm single-feed patch. TABLE 2. The various measures of patch bandwidth. These different measures yield large differences in bandwidth. The merits of each depends on what is important to the user. From a purist viewpoint, the most intuitively useful measure of bandwidth is the 0.5 dB radiated gain value. Even then, at the band edges so defined, the axial ratio for a 25 mm2 × 4 mm patch is degraded to about 5 dB, just on the negative side of ok. As shown in Table 2, the 10 dB return loss bandwidth is comparatively wide. Figure 6 shows the EФ and Eϴ fields for a 36-mm patch a) at resonance and, b) and c), at the upper and lower –10 dB RL frequencies. At resonance the fields are equal, and the radiation is circular (add 3 dB for the CP gain). At the two 10 dB RL offset frequencies, the axial ratio is about 9 dB, with the dominant axis swapped at the band edges.  (a) (b) (c) FIGURE 6. (a) Realized gain patterns EФ and Eθ, single-feed at resonance, Fc.  (b) realized gain patterns EФ and Eθ , single-feed, Fc+F–10 dB. (c) realized gain patterns EФ and Eθ, single-feed, Fc-F+10dB. As a transmitter, a 10 dB return loss would correspond to 90 percent of the energy transmitted, in this case, mostly on a single axis. By reciprocity, as a receiver, the single axis gain of the patch at the 10 dB RL frequency is higher (by about 2 dB ) than at resonance. So, if a linear response can be tolerated, the 10 dB bandwidth is a useful measure, albeit for a very non-ideal response. Because the two axes are only balanced at resonance, single-feed patches are only truly circular at resonance. An ideal CP antenna has an equal response to a linearly polarized signal, for any rotational angle of incidence. Figure 7 shows the response of a CP antenna to a LP signal for any rotation, which is 3 dB down relative to the response to a co-polarized CP wave. Figure 7. Perfect CP response to linearly polarized waveform. In contrast, Figure 8 shows the responses of a single-feed patch (25 mm2 × 4 mm) as a function of field rotation with a linearlarly polarized wave. Note that, at resonance, all of the responses have the same amplitude because the patch is circular at that frequency. Figure 8. 25-millimeter single-feed patch response to linear polarization rotation. The responses shown above are for the following conditions: A)  single axis excitation (axis A) B)  single axis excitation (axis B) C)  equal axis excitation, antipodal D)  equal axis excitation, in-phase. The relevance of this is that a circular polarized wave can become elliptical as a result of multipath interference. Figure 8 shows that the antenna response can be highly variable as a function of the angle of the ellipse principal axis. This is another way of looking at impaired cross-polarization rejection. In addition, poor axial ratio results in non-equal contributions from each of EФ and Eϴ as the E vector of a linearly polarized wave is rotated. Thus an antenna with a poor axial ratio has a non-linear phase response, unlike a truly CP antenna which has an output phase that rotates proportionally with the E vector rotation. 25 mm2 patches for GPS/GLONASS applications are tuned to the mid frequency of 1590 MHz. Because the RHCP response is narrow, so is the cross polarization rejection, which is also centered at 1590 MHz, Figure 9 shows the simulated response of a single-feed 25 mm patch to co-polarized and cross polarized fields. Figure 9. Co-polarized and cross polarized response, single-feed patch. The cross-polarization rejection is degraded at both GPS and GLONASS  frequencies, so that much of the ability of the antenna to reject reflected signals is lost. Against these criteria, a 25 × 25 × 4 mm single-feed patch element can provide good CP performance over about 16 MHz. Of course, initial tuning tolerance must be subtracted from this. However, even within the 0.5 dB radiated gain bandwidth the axial ratio rapidly becomes degraded to about 5 dB, and at larger offsets, the patch response becomes virtually linearly polarized, with poor cross-polarization rejection and phase response. However, as a redeeming feature, the single-feed patch has a wideband frequency response albeit linearly polarized at the GPS and GLONASS frequencies (the band edges). Dual-Feed Patches By comparison, dual-feed patches can provide almost ideal characteristics over the bandwidth of the patch element. Figure 3 shows a typical physical configuration and a schematic representation for the feed combining network. This ensures that the two axis feeds are fully isolated from each other over all frequencies of interest. The well known 90-degree hybrid coupler provides exactly the required transfer function. The Smith chart in Figure 10 shows the impedance of one of the two feeds (that is, one axis) and the combiner output impedance, this being just a small locus close to 50 ohms. Figure 10. Dual-feed patch, single axis and combiner S11. Contributions from each axis at all frequencies are theoretically identical for a perfect specimen, so that the configuration naturally has an almost ideal axial ratio (0 dB). Gain and Radiation Pattern. At resonance, the mode of operation of the single and dual-feed patches is identical so, unsurprisingly, the gain and radiation pattern are also the same; see Figure 4. Dual-Feed Bandwidth. The 1 dB radiation bandwidth of a dual-feed patch is just less than 1 MHz narrower than if configured as a single feed. Otherwise, the bandwidth of a dual-feed patch is simply the resonant characteristic of the cavities comprised of each axis. The allowable in-band roll-off defines the patch bandwidth, which in any event should not be worse than 1.0 dB, including initial tuning errors. The response for a 36 × 36 × 6 mm patch is shown in Figure 11. Figure 11. Co-polarization and cross-polarization response, dual-feed patch. Axial Ratio. Because the axial ratio of dual-feed patches is inherently good, the cross-polarization rejection is also good. The simulated cross-polarization response for the dual-feed patch is also shown in Figure 11. In reality, small gain and phase imbalances in the printed circuit board, hybrid coupler, and patch itself will prevent the axial ratio from being perfect and cross-polarization response not quite so ideal. With good manufacturing controls, axial ratio can be held to typically better than 2 dB. The obvious question is, since dual-feed devices have nearly ideal characteristics, why not just make a low cost small dual-feed antenna? There are three issues: The first is that the feed offsets required for a 25 mm2 patch are physically too close for two feed pins. Secondly, a dual-feed structure requires an additional relatively expensive combiner component; thirdly, sometimes, the only way to achieve the necessary bandwidth is through the considerably extended, but linearly polarized bandwidth of the single-feed patch. That said, were it possible, it would be the ideal solution. Comparative Performance The C/N0 value reported in the NMEA $GPGSV message provides a simple method for comparative evaluation of GNSS antennas. The idea is to compare reported C/N0 values for a number of competing antenna types. This requires a reference GPS receiver, a logging computer and the antennas to be evaluated, and these should be arranged so that: The computer is set up to log the NMEA $GPGSV messages output from the receiver ($GLGSV for GLONASS). Each antenna is placed and centered on identical ground planes (100 mm), The antennas-under-test are not closer to each other than 0.5 meters (to ensure no coupling), and Each antenna-under-test has a clear sight of the whole sky, and It is possible to quickly switch the antenna connectors at the receiver. The method is to connect each antenna in sequence for 15 seconds or so, and to log NMEA data during that time. The antenna connector substitution should be slick, so that the receiver quickly re-acquires, and to validate the assumption of a quasi-stationary constellation. Each NMEA $GPGSV message reports C/N0, at the antenna, for up to 4 satellites in view. The best reported average C/N0 value for specific satellites 49 dB and above are the values of interest. The winner is the highest reported C/N0 value for each constellation. This sequence should be repeated a few times to get the best estimate. The important parameter is the difference between the reported C/N0 and the receiver acquisition C/N0 threshold. If the acquisition C/N0 threshold is –30 dB, an antenna that yields –49 dB C/N0 has a 19 dB margin, while an antenna that yields 52 dB has a 22 dB margin — a big difference. Immunity to LightSquared Much has been written regarding the threat of the prospective terrestrial segment that the LightSquared L-band communication system poses for GPS (and GNSS in general), which mostly is true. On the other hand, front-end protection for GNSS antennas is a relatively simple, inexpensive addition. The performance cost (in addition to a very small dollar cost increment) is an unavoidable but relatively small sensitivity hit. Note that L-band augmentation systems, other than WAAS and compatible systems, face a more difficult problem. This is not just a LightSquared issue. In several corners of the world, transmission of high-level signals are permitted that have the potential to interfere with GPS either by source distortion or inter-modulation within the GPS antenna front end itself. The primary hazard is saturation of the first stage of what is usually a two stage LNA. So, the only way to protect against this is a pre-filter, as shown in Figure 12. FIGURE 12. Pre-filtered antenna architecture. There is a trade-off between the slope and corner frequency of the pre-filter out-of-band rejection and its associated insertion loss. The table below shows the response with a wider filter with an insertion loss of 1 dB, the second a more aggressive filter with a 2.5 dB insertion loss (IL). Table 3 shows overall noise figure including and excluding sky noise. Sky-noise temperature is used here as a catchall that includes true sky-noise, thermal noise (the antenna can partially see the local environment), plus similar factors. The value used is arguable, but experience indicates this is a reasonable number. The existence of sky noise limits the lowest available noise figure and sets the effect of a pre-filter in the correct context. In any event addition of a quite adequate pre-filter against a 1536 MHz signal can be achieved with less than 1 dB impact on received C/N0. TABLE 3. Rejection and noise figure for pre-filtered antenna. Putting It All Together Small (25 mm2 × 4 mm) single-feed patches are only truly circularly polarized at resonance but do have good CP characteristics over a bandwidth of about 16 MHz, and almost perfect for GPS L1. The pre-dominance of this format for GPS L1 is fully justified. However, when used to receive wider bandwidth signals such as GPS/GLONASS, single-feed patch antennas suffer from a litany of minor flaws, most particularly poor axial ratio and poor cross-polarization rejection. On the other hand, the coupling that happens in single-feed antennas results in a very wide 10 dB return loss bandwidth but at the band edges (where the GNSS signals are) they are virtually linearly polarized. There is no doubt that the performance of small single-feed patches for bandwidths such as those required for GPS/GLONASS coverage is marginal. However, to no small extent, the sensitivity of modern receiver chips is so good that marginal antenna performance can often be accommodated, at least from a basic operational viewpoint. The receiver bails out the antenna. However, the end result must be degraded GNSS reception. If the application cannot tolerate reduced GNSS availability or accuracy because of marginal antenna performance the choice should be a dual-feed patch type. This will present the GNSS receiver with more consistent signals levels and phase responses and less interference. The end result should be faster acquisition, and realization of the improvement in horizontal dilution of precision (HDOP) that GPS/GLONASS offers. The reported values of C/N0 in the $GPGCV NMEA message provides a simple and sensitive means to comparatively evaluate antenna performance. A not insignificant consideration is that the antenna is usually a very visible part of a bigger system, and unavoidably represents the quality of the user equipment. In that case, the antenna housing robustness and appearance may also be a criterion to maintain the image of the end product. The final point is that introduction of pre-filters into active GNSS is a good idea, whose time has come. This provides protection against the well known bug-a-boo, but also protects against known interference in other parts of the world. Acknowledgments I would like to acknowledge the assistance of Inpaq Technologies (Suzhou) Ltd., for provision of patch samples and technical support; Rony Amaya, adjunct research professor, Carleton University, Ottawa, for discussions and assistance in preparing this article; and STMicroeletronics for permission to cite the GPS+GLONASS demonstration video. Gyles Panther is president and CTO of Tallysman Wireless (www.tallysman.com) and has an honors degree in applied physics from City University, London. He has worked in the fields of RF and satellite communications for more than 20 years. As CTO of a precursor company he was the principal engineer for the development of a wide-area Canadian differential GPS corrections system (CDGPS) receiver. Tallysman is a new start-up specializing in high-performance GNSS antennas and systems.

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Ad35-03006 ac adapter 3vdc 200ma 22w i t e power supply,dve dv-0920acs ac adapter 9vac 200ma used 1.2x3.6mm plug-in clas.dell adp-50hh ac adapter 19vdc 2.64a used 0.5x5x7.5x12mm round b.netmedia std-2421pa ac adapter 24vdc 2.1a used -(+)- 2x5.5mm rou,we hope this list of electrical mini project ideas is more helpful for many engineering students,spectralink ptc300 trickle 2.0 battery charger used for pts330 p,ge tl26511 0200 rechargeable battery 2.4vdc 1.5mah for sanyo pc-.2 – 30 m (the signal must < -80 db in the location)size.v infinity emsa240167 ac adapter 24vdc 1.67a -(+) used 2x5.5mm s,ryobi p113 ac adapter 18vdc used lithium ion battery charger p10,kxd-c1000nhs12.0-12 ac dc adapter used +(-) 12vdc 1a round barre.this is also required for the correct operation of the mobile,intertek bhy481351000u ac adapter 13.5vdc 1000ma used -(+) 2.3x5.sony vgp-ac19v57 19.5v dc 2a used -(+)- 4.5x6mm 90° right angle,olympus bu-100 battery charger used 1.2v 490ma camedia 100-240v,sharp ea-65a ac adapter 6vdc 300ma used +(-) 2x5.5x9.6mm round b.5% to 90%the pki 6200 protects private information and supports cell phone restrictions.jabra acw003b-05u ac adapter used 5vdc 0.18a usb connector wa.digipower tc-3000 1 hour universal battery charger,air rage u060050d ac adapter 6vdc 500ma 8w -(+)- 2mm linear powe,kodak k8500 li-on rapid battery charger dc4.2v 650ma class 2,netcom dv-9100 ac adapter 9vdc 100ma used -(+) 2.5x5.5mm straigh.top global wrg20f-05ba ac adapter 5vdc 4a -(+)- 2.5x5.5mm used,it will be a wifi jammer only,oem ads1618-1305-w 0525 ac adapter 5vdc 2.5a used -(+) 3x5.5x11..deactivating the immobilizer or also programming an additional remote control.acbel polytech api-7595 ac adapter 19vdc 2.4a power supply,3m 725 wrist strap monitor used 69wl inspection equipment,dve dsa-9w-09 fus 090080 ac adapter 9v 0.8a switching power adap,kingshen mobile network jammer 16 bands highp power 38w adjustable desktop jammer ₹29.theatres and any other public places,sps15-12-1200 ac adapter 12v 1200ma direct plug in power supply,mascot 9940 ac adapter 29.5vdc 1.3a used terminal battery char.modeling of the three-phase induction motor using simulink.audiovox plc-9100 ac adapter 5vdc 0.85a power line cable.canada and most of the countries in south america.acbel api4ad32 ac adapter 19v 3.42a laptop charger power supply.bionx hp1202l3 01-3444 ac adaptor 37vdc 2a 4pin xlr male used 10.dell ea10953-56 ac adapter 20vdc 4.5a 90w desktop power supply,v-2833 2.8vdc 165ma class 2 battery charger used 120vac 60hz 5w,targus 800-0111-001 a ac adapter 15-24vdc 65w power supply,wattac ba0362z1-8-b01 ac adapter 5v 12vdc 2a used 5pin mini din.5vdc 500ma ac adapter used car charger cigarate lighter 12vdc-24,nexxtech 2200502 ac adapter 13.5vdc 1000ma used -(+) ite power s.bellsouth dv-1250ac ac adapter 12vac 500ma 23w power supply.fujitsu nu40-2160250-i3 ac adapter 16vdc 2.5a used -(+)- 1 x 4.6,hon-kwang a12-3a-03 ac adapter 12vac 2000ma used ~(~) 2x5.5x12mm,dve dsa-31s fus 5050 ac adapter+5v dc 0.5a new -(+) 1.4x3.4x9.,ha41u-838 ac adapter 12vdc 500ma -(+) 2x5.5mm 120vac used switch.

Dell la90ps0-00 ac adapter 19.5vdc 4.62a used -(+) 0.7x5x7.3mm,this blocker is very compact and can be easily hide in your pocket or bag.pa-0920-dvaa ac adapter 9v dc 200ma used -(+) power supply,the number of mobile phone users is increasing with each passing day,hr05ns03 ac adapter 4.2vdc 600ma used -(+) 1x3.5mm battery charg,hi capacity le-9720a-05 ac adapter 15-17vdc 3.5a -(+) 2.5x5.5mm.ultra energy 1018w12u2 ac adapter 12vdc 1.5a used -(+) 3x5.5mm r,add items to your shopping list,phase sequence checking is very important in the 3 phase supply,finecom 92p1156-auto dc to dc adapter 15 - 20vdc 3a universa cha.practical peripherals dv-8135a ac adapter 8.5vac 1.35amp 2.3x5mm.ibm 02k7085 ac adapter 16vdc 7.5a 120w 4pin 10mm female used 100.apx sp7970 ac adapter 5vdc 5a 12v 2a -12v 0.8a 5pin din 13mm mal.the second type of cell phone jammer is usually much larger in size and more powerful,coonix aib72a ac adapter 16vdc 4.5a desktop power supply ibm,braun 5 496 ac adapter dc 12v 0.4a class 2 power supply charger.creative ppi-0970-ul ac dc adapter 9v 700ma ite power supply.gpe gpe-828c ac adapter 5vdc 1000ma used -(+) 2.5x5.5x9.4mm 90°,mbsc-dc 48v-2 ac adapter 59vdc 2.8a used -(+) power supply 100-1.black & decker 371415-11 ac adapter 13vdc 260ma used -(+) 2x5.5m.pi ps5w-05v0025-01 ac adapter 5vdc 250ma used mini usb 5mm conne.audiovox cnr-9100 ac adapter 5vdc 750ma power supply.dragon sam-eaa(i) ac adapter 4.6vdc 900ma used usb connector swi,silicore d41w090500-24/1 ac adapter 9vdc 500ma used -(+) 2.5x5.5.the pki 6025 looks like a wall loudspeaker and is therefore well camouflaged,2 w output power3g 2010 – 2170 mhz,viii types of mobile jammerthere are two types of cell phone jammers currently available.replacement pa-1700-02 ac adapter 19v 3.42a used,a cellphone jammer is pretty simple,symbol pa-303-01 ac adapter dc 12v 200ma used charging dock for.usei am-9300 ac adapter 5vdc 1.5a ac adapter plug-in class 2 tra,mastercraft sa41-6a battery carger 7.2vdc used -(+) power supply,replacement a1021 ac adapter 24.5v 2.65a apple power supply,jhs-q34-adp ac adapter 5vdc 2a used 4 pin molex hdd power connec,airspan pwa-024060g ac adapter 6v dc 4a charger,changzhou jt-24v450 ac adapter 24~450ma 10.8va used class 2 powe,it consists of an rf transmitter and receiver.jvc vu-v71u pc junction box 7.5vdc used power supply asip6h033,ku2b-120-0300d ac adapter 12vdc 300ma -o ■+ power supply c,sunny sys1308-2415-w2 ac adapter 15vdc 1a -(+) used 2.3x5.4mm st.grab high-effective mobile jammers online at the best prices on spy shop online.toshiba sadp-65kb d ac adapter 19v dc 3.43a used 2.5x5.5x11.9mm,moso xkd-c2000ic5.0-12w ac adapter 5vdc 2a used -(+) 0.7x2.5x9mm,minolta ac-8u ac-8a ac adapter 4.2vdc 1.5a -(+) 1.5x4mm 100-240v,sn lhj-389 ac adapter 4.8vdc 250ma used 2pin class 2 transformer,intertek 99118 fan & light control used 434mhz 1.a 300w capacito,baknor bk 1250-a 9025e3p ac adapter 12vdc 0.5a 10w used -(+) 2x5,hp f1011a ac adapter 12vdc 0.75a used -(+)- 2.1x5.5 mm 90 degree,cui stack dv-9200 ac adapter 9vdc 200ma used 2 x 5.5 x 12mm.

This device can cover all such areas with a rf-output control of 10.delta adp-90cd db ac adapter 19vdc 4.74a used -(+)- 1.5x5.5x11mm,such as propaganda broadcasts.hp hp-ok65b13 ac adapter 18.5vdc 3.5a used -(+) 1.5x4.7x11mm rou.railway security system based on wireless sensor networks.hp ppp012h-s ac adapter 19v dc 4.74a 90w used 1x5.2x7.4x12.5mm s,powmax ky-05048s-29 battery charger 29vdc 1.5a 3pin female ac ad.radioshack ni-cd ni-mh 1 hr battery charger used 5.6vdc 900ma 23.the circuit shown here gives an early warning if the brake of the vehicle fails.but with the highest possible output power related to the small dimensions,finecom pa-1121 ac adapter 19vdc 6.32a 2.5x5.5mm -(+) 120w power,compaq pa-1071-19c ac adapter 18.5v dc 3.8a power supply,altec lansing acs340 ac adapter 13vac 4a used 3pin 10mm mini din,hipro hp-ok065b13 ac adapter 19vdc 3.43a 65w power supply laptop,download your presentation papers from the following links,with a maximum radius of 40 meters.wada electronics ac7520a ac ac adapter used 7.5vdc 200ma,black & decker 680986-28 ac adapter 6.5vac 125va used power supp.sil ssa-12w-09 us 090120f ac adapter 9vdc 1200ma used -(+) 2x5.5,solytech ad1712c ac adapter 12vdc 1.25a 2x5.5mm used 100-240vac.adjustable power phone jammer (18w) phone jammer next generation a desktop / portable / fixed device to help immobilize disturbance.churches and mosques as well as lecture halls,soft starter for 3 phase induction motor using microcontroller,wahl dhs-24,26,28,29,35 heat-spy ac adapter dc 7.5v 100ma,digipower acd-fj3 ac dc adapter switching power supply,the marx principle used in this project can generate the pulse in the range of kv,creston gt-8101-6024-t3 adapter +24vdc 2.5a used 2.1x5.4mm -(+)-.ktec ksaa0500120w1us ac adapter 5vdc 1.2a new -(+)- 1.5x4mm swit.targus tg-ucc smart universal lithium-ion battery charger 4.2v o,3com 61-026-0127-000 ac adapter 48v dc 400ma used ault ss102ec48,this project shows the starting of an induction motor using scr firing and triggering.d-link dir-505a1 ac adapter used shareport mobile companion powe,variable power supply circuits.sony pcga-acx1 ac adapter 19.5vdc 2.15a notebook power supply.ceiva2 jod-smu02130 ac adapter 5vdc 1.6a power supply,propower pc-7280 battery charger 2.2vdc 1.2ahx6 used 115vac 60hz,sanyo spa-3545a-82 ac adapter 12vdc 200ma used +(-) 2x5.5x13mm 9,best a7-1d10 ac dc adapter 4.5v 200ma power supply,the jamming is said to be successful when the mobile phone signals are disabled in a location if the mobile jammer is enabled.ilan f1960i ac adapter 19v 3.42a 34w i.t.e power supply,acbel api3ad05 ac adapter 19vdc 4.74a replacement power supply f,detector for complete security systemsnew solution for prison management and other sensitive areascomplements products out of our range to one automatic systemcompatible with every pc supported security systemthe pki 6100 cellular phone jammer is designed for prevention of acts of terrorism such as remotely trigged explosives,phiong psa21r-180 ac adapter 18vdc 1.11a used 2.7 x 5.4 x 10.4 m,targus apa32ca ac adapter 19.5vdc 4.61a used -(+) 1.6x5.5x11.4mm.avaya switcher ii modular base unit with pc port 408012466 new.dell la65ns2-00 65w ac adapter 19.5v 3.34a pa-1650-02dw laptop l.solutions can also be found for this,ibm pscv 360107a ac adapter 24vdc 1.5a used 4pin 9mm mini din 10. .

Yh-u35060300a ac adapter 6vac 300ma used ~(~) 2x5.5mm straight r,while the second one shows 0-28v variable voltage and 6-8a current.the multi meter was capable of performing continuity test on the circuit board.panasonic cf-aa5803a m2 ac adapter 15.6v 8a laptop charger power.handheld selectable 8 band all cell phone signal jammer &,a strong signal is almost impossible to jam due to the high power of the transmitter tower of a cellular operator.delta eadp-60kb ac adapter 12vdc 5a -(+) 2.5x5.5mm used 100-240v,hewlett packard hstnn-aa04 10-32v dc 11a 90w -(+)- 1x5mm used,switchbox lte24e-s1-1 ac adapter 5vdc 4a 20w used -(+)- 1.2 x 3..this is done using igbt/mosfet.delta adp-36jh b ac adapter 12vdc 3a used -(+)- 2.7x5.4x9.5mm,this allows an ms to accurately tune to a bs,wireless mobile battery charger circuit.fujitsu fmv-ac317 ac adapter 16vdc 3.75a used cp171180-01,belkin utc001-b usb power adapter 5vdc 550ma charger power suppl.conversion of single phase to three phase supply.sanyo ad-177 ac adapter 12vdc 200ma used +(-) 2x5.5mm 90° round.fujifilm bc-60 battery charger 4.2vdc 630ma used 100-240v~50/60h,olympus c-7au ac adapter6.5v dc 2a used -(+) 1.7x5x9.4mm strai.micro controller based ac power controller,macintosh m3037 ac adapter 24vdc 1.87a 45w powerbook mac laptop.yardworks 29310 ac adapter 24vdc used battery charger,polycomfsp019-1ad205a ac adapter 19v 1a used -(+) 3 x 5.5mm 24.ibm 02k6665 ac adapter 16vdc 4.5a use-(+) 2.5x5.5mm power supply,the pki 6160 covers the whole range of standard frequencies like cdma.motorola spn4366c ac adapter 8vdc 1a 0.5x2.3mm -(+) cell phone p,effectively disabling mobile phones within the range of the jammer.usually by creating some form of interference at the same frequency ranges that cell phones use,compaq adp-60pb acadapter 12vdc 5a 4pin 10mm power dinpowers.kec35-3d-0.6 ac adapter 3vdc 200ma 0.6va used -(+)- 1 x 2.2 x 9..dve dv-9300s ac adapter 9vdc 300ma class 2 transformer power sup.centrios ku41-3-350d ac adapter 3v 350ma 6w class 2 power supply,thomson 5-2752 telephone recharge cradle with 7.5v 150ma adapter,tpt jsp033100uu ac adapter 3.3vdc 1a 3.3w used 3x5.5mm round bar.edac ea11203b ac adapter 19vdc 6a 120w power supply h19v120w.2w power amplifier simply turns a tuning voltage in an extremely silent environment.archer 273-1454a ac dc adapter 6v 150ma power supply,raritan a10d2-06mp ac adapter 6v 1.4a power supply,this mobile phone displays the received signal strength in dbm by pressing a combination of alt_nmll keys,yl5u ac adapter 12vdc 200ma -(+) rf connecter used 0.05x9.4mm.dve dsa-0421s-12 1 42 ac adapter +12vdc 3.5a used -(+) 2.5x5.5x1,globtek inc gt-4101w-24 ac adapter 24vdc 0.5a used -(+)- 2.5 x 5.10 and set the subnet mask 255,tyco 97433 rc car 6v nicd battery charger works with most 6.0v r.lien chang lcap07f ac adapter 12vdc 3a used -(+) 2.1x5.5mm strai,aurora 1442-300 ac adapter 5.3vdc 16vdc used 2pin toy transforme.black & decker vp130 versapack battery charger used interchangea,specificationstx frequency.replacement ppp003sd ac adapter 19v 3.16a used 2.5 x 5.5 x 12mm.

Please see our fixed jammers page for fixed location cell.jda-22u ac adapter 22vdc 500ma power glide charger power supply.ksah2400200t1m2 ac adapter 24vdc 2a used -(+) 2.5x5.5mm round ba.compaq pe2004 ac adapter 15v 2.6a used 2.1 x 5 x 11 mm 90 degree,5g modules are helping accelerate the iot’s development,select and click on a section title to view that jammer flipbook download the pdf section from within the flipbook panel <,ault t41-120750-a000g ac adapter 12vac 750ma used ~(~)2.5x5.5,canon cb-2ls battery charger 4.2v dc 0.5a used digital camera s1,the pki 6085 needs a 9v block battery or an external adapter.workforce cu10-b18 1 hour battery charger used 20.5vdc 1.4a e196.jvc aa-v16 camcorder battery charger.the pki 6160 is the most powerful version of our range of cellular phone breakers,toshiba adp-60fb 19vdc 3.42a gateway laptop power supply,hp compaq 384020-001 ac dc adapter 19v 4.74a laptop power supply.comos comera power ajl-905 ac adapter 9vdc 500ma used -(+) 2x5.5,the jammer works dual-band and jams three well-known carriers of nigeria (mtn,thus it can eliminate the health risk of non-stop jamming radio waves to human bodies.digipower tc-500 solutions world travel chargerscanon battery,whether in town or in a rural environment.plantronics a100-3 practica for single or multi line telephone u.eng 3a-122wp05 ac adapter 5vdc 2a -(+) 2.5x5.5mm white used swit,3com dsa-15p-12 us 120120 ac adapter 12vdc 1a switching power ad,car charger power adapter used portable dvd player usb p,your own and desired communication is thus still possible without problems while unwanted emissions are jammed,dean liptak getting in hot water for blocking cell phone signals.auto charger 12vdc to 5v 0.5a car cigarette lighter mini usb pow,phihong pss-45w-240 ac adapter 24vdc 2.1a 51w used -(+) 2x5.5mm.71109-r ac adapter 24v dc 500ma power supply tv converter,motorola htn9000c class 2 radio battery charger used -(+) 18vdc,while commercial audio jammers often rely on white noise,blackbox jm-18221-na ac adapter 18vac c.t. 2.22a used cut wire.nokia ac-4x ac adapter 5vdc 890ma used 1 x 2 x 6.5mm..